{"id":733,"date":"2017-03-17T11:07:10","date_gmt":"2017-03-17T11:07:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/?p=733"},"modified":"2020-03-09T17:54:36","modified_gmt":"2020-03-09T17:54:36","slug":"mapping-farm-payments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/mapping-farm-payments","title":{"rendered":"Mapping \u00a32.6 billion of farm payments"},"content":{"rendered":"

Farmers in England are paid via the Environmental Stewardship Scheme<\/a> to keep their land in good agricultural and environmental condition. This scheme is smaller than the better-known CAP payments<\/a>, but still accounts for around \u00a33 billion of public funding over the past decade, which isn\u2019t exactly small potatoes (sorry).<\/p>\n

I recently discovered there\u2019s open data<\/a> about the land in England that\u2019s funded in this way. With Brexit hurtling unstoppably towards us, and no-one sure\u00a0what\u2019s going to happen to farm\u00a0funding, it seems like a good time to map it<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Talking to farmers\u00a0about Environmental Stewardship, it seems broadly positive: it encourages good land management, and provides life support for many small farms. But on the other hand, it\u2019s complex, it subsidises golf courses and grouse moors, and it\u2019s weighted towards bigger landowners. So the current uncertainty could provide an opportunity to simplify and rebalance.<\/p>\n

Here, I write about what\u2019s in the data: if you just want to see the map of all payments, go to farmpayments.anna.ps<\/a>. You can search by payee name, and see the payments near you.<\/p>\n

\"Screenshot<\/a><\/p>\n

What\u2019s Environmental Stewardship then?<\/b><\/p>\n

The ES scheme pays farmers to keep their land in good environmental condition, and make it attractive for wildlife. For example, they might leave a strip at the edge of a field unplanted, so that animals and birds can live there, or they might maintain traditional hedges or preserve historic features.<\/p>\n

The payments are awarded for entry level<\/a>, higher level<\/a>, or organic<\/a> stewardship. Payments are generally awarded over 5\u00a0or 10 years, and the total sum in the dataset<\/a> (which I think is all current agreements) is \u00a32.64 billion. This compares with annual<\/em> CAP payments of about \u00a33 billion.<\/p>\n

There are just over 26,000 unique ES payments active, to around 20,000 payees. The names in the dataset are the managers of the land, not the owners (otherwise I\u2019d be writing about this over at Who Owns England<\/a>). Sometimes the managers are individuals, sometimes companies, sometimes LLPs and trusts.<\/p>\n

The distribution of plot size\u00a0is highly unequal: if you rank all the plots by size, the top 10% of payees hold 48% of all the physical land area. The distribution of payments is even more unequal. The bottom 15% of payees receive less than \u00a32,500, while the top 10% each receive more than \u00a3259k. About 54% of all the funding – \u00a31.44 billion in total – goes to the top 10%.<\/p>\n

(The Gini coefficient<\/a> – the standard measure of inequality – for the land size of the holdings is 0.62, and for payments is higher at 0.71, which again suggests\u00a0that the schemes are easier to access for bigger payees.)<\/p>\n

The total area of farmland covered by current agreements is just under 3.8 million hectares. The total farmed area of England is about 9 million hectares<\/a>, so wherever you are in the English countryside, you\u2019re probably looking at land that\u2019s been physically shaped by this scheme.<\/p>\n

Biggest payees<\/b><\/p>\n

Here are the top 15 payees overall. The top payees are wildlife and heritage trusts, and then some big farming groups, generally in the east of the country:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. National Trust \u00a351,213,835.15<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. RSPB \u00a341,228,907.04<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. VERDERERS OF THE NEW FOREST \u00a319,131,601.84<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Forest of Dartmoor Commoners Association \u00a313,600,496.27<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. NORFOLK WILDLIFE TRUST \u00a310,499,614.08<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. Surrey Wildlife Trust \u00a37,451,642.10<\/span><\/li>\n
  7. The Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust \u00a36,974,996.65<\/span><\/li>\n
  8. STANFORD SHEEP \u00a36,230,709.63<\/span><\/li>\n
  9. Moorhouse Commoners Committee \u00a35,296,905.74<\/span><\/li>\n
  10. LILBURN ESTATES FARMING PARTNERSHIP \u00a34,766,364.45<\/span><\/li>\n
  11. Sir Richard Sutton Limited \u00a34,292,253.83<\/span><\/li>\n
  12. YORKSHIRE WILDLIFE TRUST \u00a34,223,676.92<\/span><\/li>\n
  13. ELVEDEN FARMS LIMITED \u00a34,066,993.72<\/span><\/li>\n
  14. ALBANWISE LTD \u00a33,985,773.08<\/span><\/li>\n
  15. Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust \u00a33,939,815.48<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Some of these “commoners” committees are actually groups of sheep farmers.<\/p>\n

    You\u2019ll notice the Lilburn Estates entry at number 10, with \u00a34.7 million of grants – that\u2019s a huge grouse moor in Northumberland. The Guardian recently covered a Friends of the Earth investigation<\/a> suggesting that grouse moor management was anything but environmental, with large-scale heather burning.<\/p>\n

    As well as these subsidies, the estate receives more than \u00a31 million per year from CAP. It\u2019s owned by Duncan Davidson, founder of mega-housebuilder Persimmon Homes. Here\u2019s the extent of the estate:<\/p>\n

    \"Screenshot<\/a><\/p>\n

    Notable payees<\/b><\/p>\n

    As far as I know, anyone can apply for environmental stewardship funding, as long as they do the work required. You don\u2019t need to be a farmer, and the rest of your use of the land doesn\u2019t need to be environmentally friendly.<\/p>\n

    As well as grouse moors like the above, there\u2019s at least \u00a33.2 million going to golf clubs around the country, though many would regard the mere existence of golf clubs as environmentally problematic. For example, Sunningdale Golf Club, near Virginia Water, has been granted \u00a3348,839 for \u201chigher level stewardship\u201d:<\/p>\n

    \"Screenshot<\/a><\/p>\n

    There are some surprising grantees, who might well be doing environmental work, but who could probably afford to do it without public money. Eton, Winchester, Millfield, and Wellington schools all receive funding, as do Jesus, Caius, and Pembroke at Cambridge. The University of Oxford Botanic Garden gets \u00a355k, and Christ Church Meadows in Oxford receives \u00a333k:<\/p>\n

    \"Christ<\/a>
    Christ Church meadows, looking poor. Pic by Tejvan Pettinger.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    There\u2019s also money going to some of the wealthiest landowners around. You can see by searching the payees list\u00a0that the City of London Corporation gets over \u00a32 million for large areas outside London, the Duchy of Cornwall gets \u00a368k directly and another \u00a3136k for the Duchy Home Farm, and the Royal Farms at Windsor receive over \u00a31 million for \u2018organic stewardship\u2019:<\/p>\n

    \"Screenshot<\/a><\/p>\n

    Some of the land for which grants are awarded is held offshore – nothing illegal about that, but we might ask whether we want to subsidise property owned in tax havens. The commercial pheasant shoot at the Downton Estate<\/a>, west of Ludlow, has been granted \u00a3800k. The land on which it runs was bought by an Isle of Man company in 2010, as you can see on the Private Eye map of overseas land ownership<\/a> that I built.<\/p>\n

    Sometimes, grants go to landowners who are both extraordinarily wealthy, and use offshore vehicles. The Marquess of Cholmondeley<\/a> has a net worth of \u00a360m, according to the Sunday Times Rich List. His estate<\/a> at Harpley in Norfolk is owned in Jersey, and receives \u00a3400k per year from CAP, and \u00a3500k total from ES.<\/p>\n

    Or take the Culham Court Estate outside Henley, bought for \u00a332 million in 2006 by Swiss billionaire Urs Schwarzenbach. (Schwarzenbach is the delightful chap who\u00a0sacked his gardener<\/a> for getting injured.) The land receives \u00a3120k per year from CAP and \u00a3250k total for ES: the Eye\u2019s map<\/a> shows that the land is owned by a British Virgin Islands company.<\/p>\n

    What happens now?<\/b><\/p>\n

    While some of the above might seem absurd, incentivising environmental management of land is obviously\u00a0sensible. And there\u2019s no doubt that the ES scheme supports\u00a0many small family farms.<\/p>\n

    But many bigger landowners could be asked\u00a0to carry out environmental work without subsidy. It also seems clear that the schemes are easier for ‘big farmer’ to access, while small farms\u00a0have it tough. (There\u2019s a great discussion of the context in this London Review of Books article<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

    So whether our post-Brexit priorities are to support family farms, produce cheap food, protect heritage, or encourage diverse wildlife, we need to discuss how we fund the countryside. Many post-Brexit discussions\u00a0would benefit from a bit of\u00a0data: I hope the payments map<\/a> will help people working on this problem.<\/p>\n

    —–<\/p>\n

    Thanks to Will Perrin, Seb Bacon, Guy Shrubsole, and Charlie Fisher for comments on the first draft of this post.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Farmers in England are paid via the Environmental Stewardship Scheme to keep their land in good agricultural and environmental condition. This scheme is smaller than the better-known CAP payments, but still accounts for around \u00a33 billion of public funding over the past decade, which isn\u2019t exactly small potatoes (sorry). I recently discovered there\u2019s open data […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-733","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-maps","category-visualisation"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/733","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=733"}],"version-history":[{"count":36,"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/733\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":791,"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/733\/revisions\/791"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=733"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=733"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/anna.ps\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}